support your child’s language development

1. Respond to your baby’s cries. Babies also learn about communication through crying. In the first year, crying is a central part of their communication system. When we respond to their cries, our babies learn that they will be listened to and that the world is a safe place where their needs will be met.
2. Have "conversations" with your baby. Young babies begin the skills of conversing by "taking turns." They coo, look at you and wait. You coo and they coo back. In that simple interaction, they practice the structure of conversation and they learn that they will be responded to when they reach out to communicate.
3. Talk naturally with your baby throughout your time with her. Babies learn receptive language skills long before they learn expressive ones. Your daughter will understand what you are saying to her well before she is able to speak many words. When babies grow up in a language- rich environment, they naturally learn to speak. When you regularly talk to your daughter and listen to her, she will readily learn language. Modeling language is your best teaching tool. Babies and children don’t have to be "made" to speak correctly. When you model correct language, they will gradually learn proper grammar.
4. Extend her language and describe what you see her doing. This is something parents instinctively do with children. When your baby reaches for your nose, cooing, you can say, "That’s my nose. Are you going to grab it with your little hand?" When she turns toward the sound of the door opening, you can say, "You heard the door opening. Is that your sister coming in?" When the cat approaches and she starts gurgling and kicking her feet, you can say, "Ohhh, you see Tiger coming. You look excited to see your fuzzy cat," or "Hi Tiger cat. Lisa is excited to see you coming."
5. Talk to your baby about what you are doing with her. It can feel awkward to talk to a baby who doesn’t understand you, but she needs the repeated experience of hearing you talk in order to understand your language. Before you pick her up, you can reach your hands towards her and say, "I’m going to pick you." In this way she learns language in the rich context of experience. During diapering you can say, "Here is your dry diaper. I’m lifting up your bottom so I put it on you." This not only helps her learn language, it also helps her learn to expect what will come next and participate more actively in the process.

6. Talk about your own actions as well. Engaging in self-talk around your baby teaches her language and helps her make sense of the world. Describe what you’re doing as you do it: "I’m steaming these carrots for your lunch. Then, I’ll grind them up and you can eat them." "I’m going into the other room to get your blanket." "I’m getting dressed and then I’m going to change you." "I’m going to go to work. Dad will stay with you today."
7. Sing songs or tell her stories. Songs and stories are an important part of learning language. Because they are repeated, children have a chance to learn them over time. Songs, finger plays or movement activities teach children words that have physical clues attached. When a baby has learned a clapping song, she can ask for it by clapping her hands, even before she knows how to say, "I want to sing the clapping song!"
8. Read books. There are wonderful baby books available. Look for books with photos or aesthetically-pleasing pictures. Children don’t need cartoons as their only pictures. Also, look for books with rich, varied or poetic language. Some babies will lie on their backs with you on the floor looking up at a book for several minutes at a time. Others will wiggle and squirm. There is no magic age to begin reading to children. It should be as soon as they can enjoy it. Try it periodically to see if your baby is interested.
You can also make books for your child, using photos of familiar objects and people, mount them on little cardboard (poster board) pages and put them together with string or loose leaf rings. You can cover them with plastic (sticky cover or plastic sleeves) to protect them from drool and teeth.
http://www.ivillage.com

Player Profile: Xabi Alonso

Xabi Alonso is the midfield playmaker that Liverpool had needed for a long time. His arrival has freed Steven Gerrard to roam midfield and utilise all his versatile skills. Xabi forms a deep midfield anchor with Momo Sissoko, linking the forwards with his precise passing, which has been a welcome change from the hopeful long balls of the Houllier era.
He came to prominence in La Liga with Real Sociedad, helping them to finish second in 2003, and was already a member of the Spanish national squad when he became the highest profile signing at the time Rafa became manager. Costing £10.5 million, he settled in quickly and has been a fixture in midfield, fitting in perfectly to the club’s tradition of skill and sportsmanship.
Alonso had his ankle broken in a challenge from a Chelsea midfielder on New Year’s Day, but was able to return three months later, just in time to put in a brilliant performance in the Champions League match against Juventus in Turin. He was one of the heroes in Istanbul, scoring the third goal to level the match and send it to extra-time.

http://www.thisisanfield.com/players/alonso/

GLOBAL SUPPLY of ORIFLAME

Global Supply is the manufacturing and logistics parm of Oriflame, enabling the products to be produced and delivered on our promise to the consultants and customers.
Global Supply key activities are:

• Supply and distribution planning with our suppliers and sales companies. Supply planning plans more than 600M units annually from more than 50 suppliers worldwide and the distribution planning plans globally to our 60 markets in five regions.
  
• Purchasing of raw materials, components & finished products.
  
• Quality Assurance controls and coordinates key procedures and activities within the Oriflame Quality System, with the objective of ensuring that our products and processes meet the correct quality standards. Group  Quality Assurance is divided into three functions, all focused on protecting the quality of our processes and products.
  
  Our Auditors assure the standard of the Finished Product Suppliers and the Customer Complaints & Non Conformances team works with the sales markets and on implementing corrective and preventive actions when we have quality issues. The Quality Systems team defines the Standards and Policies necessary to improve and control our processes, to deliver a product within specification.
  
• Logistics control the smooth delivery of products. They have the responsibility for goods distributions from supplier to hubs and from hubs to markets (customers).  They also ensure that the markets receive correct products, in the correct quantity, at the correct time, with the correct documents all in good condition.
  
• Manufacturing takes place in five internal factories and is the principal Supplier to Oriflame. What we produce in-house are emulsions (alcohol), liquids (alcohol), foundations, mascaras, lipsticks, toiletries, fragrances and toothpastes.
  
• Process & Project supports assurance of continuous improvements. Process & Projects is a staff function within Global Supply, with focus on driving continuous Business and Internal process improvements and to assure a sustainable IS landscape.

http://www.oriflame.com

Penyebab Inflasi

Inflasi mengacu pada kenaikan harga yang menyebabkan daya beli masyarakat menurun. Ada banyak penyebab inflasi, tergantung pada sejumlah faktor. Sebagai contoh, inflasi dapat terjadi ketika pemerintah mencetak kelebihan uang untuk menangani krisis. Akibatnya, harga akhirnya meningkat pada kecepatan yang sangat tinggi untuk bersaing dengan surplus mata uang.

Penyebab umum lainnya dari inflasi adalah kenaikan biaya produksi, yang menyebabkan kenaikan harga produk akhir. Sebagai contoh, jika bahan baku naik harganya, ini menyebabkan biaya produksi meningkat, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan perusahaan menaikkan harga untuk menjaga keuntungan. biaya tenaga kerja / upah juga dapat menyebabkan inflasi.
Inflasi juga bisa disebabkan oleh pemberi pinjaman internasional dan hutang nasional. Negara meminjam uang, mereka harus berurusan dengan kepentingan, yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan harga naik. Nilai tukar juga dapat menyebabkan inflasi, karena pemerintah akan harus berurusan dengan perbedaan dalam impor / tingkat ekspor.

Perang pun juga sering menyebabkan inflasi, karena pemerintah harus mengembalikan uang yang dihabiskan dan mengembalikan dana yang dipinjam dari bank sentral. Perang sering mempengaruhi segala sesuatu dari perdagangan internasional untuk biaya tenaga kerja untuk permintaan produk, sehingga pada akhirnya selalu menghasilkan kenaikan harga.

Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/anthropology/2106207-faktor-faktor-penyebab-inflasi/#ixzz1ckUaoTq9

http://id.shvoong.com

konspirasi penyaliban yesus

dan karena ucapan mereka: "Sesungguhnya kami telah membunuh Al Masih, Isa putra Maryam, Rasul ALLAAH", padahal mereka tidak membunuhnya dan tidak (pula) menyalibnya, tetapi  disamarkan dengan Isa bagi mereka. Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang berselisih paham tentang Isa, benar-benar dalam keragu-raguan tentang yang dibunuh itu. Mereka tidak mempunyai keyakinan tentang  yang dibunuh itu, kecuali mengikuti persangkaan belaka, mereka tidak (pula) yakin bahwa yang mereka bunuh itu adalah Isa. (QS 4:157)

Pada Markus 15:44 dikatakan :

"Pilatus heran waktu mendengar bahwa Yesus sudah mati, maka ia memanggil kepala pasukan, dan bertanya kepadanya, 'Apakah Yesus sudah mati?."

Benarkah  Pilatus kaget? Benarkah dia heran? Pilatus tahu berdasarkan pengalaman bahwa secara normal tidak ada orang yang meninggal dalam 3 jam disalib, kecuali bila penyalibannya dibarengi dengan tindakan penganiayaan atau penyiksaan lain yang sangat keji.Sebenarnya Pilatus memang tidak ingin membunuh Yesus. Hanya desakan dari orang Yahudilah sehingga ia menghukum Yesus. Oleh sebab itu, Pilatus sempat menyimpulkan bahwa Yesus tidak bersalah,maka dia mengatur konspirasi penyaliban seakan akan telah membunuh padahal semua itu adalah cara dia menyelamatkan Yesus,dia pernah berkata membela perkara Yesus sebagai berikut:

"....Aku tidak mendapati kesalahan apa pun pada-Nya." (Yohanes 18:38b)

Selain itu, istri Pilatus juga terkesan menyuruh suaminya agar membiarkan Yesus tetap hidup, sebab ia pernah bermimpi bahwa Yesus tidak berbahaya Istrinya mendesak Pilatus untuk tidak membunuhnya dikayu salib:

".....Jangan engkau mencampuri perkara orang benar itu, sebab karena Dia aku sangat menderita dalam mimpi tadi malam." (Matius 27:19)

Pilatus telah bertindak dengan cara yang misterius. Dia memerintahkan tentara Romawi untuk tidak perlu mematahkan kakinya , tetapi menikam pinggangnya dengan tombak, yang sebelumnya yesus diberi campuran air asam sebagai obat penenang :

".....segera mengalir keluar darah dan air." (Yohanes 19:34)

Seperti yang dikatakan dalam Mazmur 34:21 dan Yohanes 19:33 bahwa tulang Yesus tidak patah :

"Ia melindungi segala tulangnya, tidak satu pun yang patah". (Mazmur 34:21)

".....melihat bahwa ia telah mati, mereka tidak mematahkan kaki-Nya". (Yohanes 19:33)

Adalah rahmat ALLAAH bahwa ketika tubuh insan tidak kuat menahan rasa sakit atau nyeri yang amat sangat, maka tubuh akan pingsan. Tetapi pada kondisi tubuh yang tidak bergerak, kelelahan dan posisi berdiri yang tidak normal pada kayu salib, membuat aliran darah berjalan lamban. Dengan adanya luka karena penikaman di lambung, maka sirkulasi darah mengalir teratur kembali. Dalam Ensiklopedia Biblica, pada artikel 'Cross' (salib) kolom 960 dikatakan bahwa "Yesus hidup kembali jika penikaman itu benar".

Tetapi mengapa air dan darah? Dr. W.B. Primrose, seorang ahli anestesi senior Rumah Sakit Royal Glasgow, memberikan pendapatnya. Dalam harian Thinkers Digest, London - 1949, ia mengatakan bahwa "Air tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya gangguan syaraf pada pembuluh darah lokal akibat rangsangan yang berlebihan dari proses penyaliban". Ini mungkin kasus yang sangat luar biasa, tetapi hal ini juga sama seperti sewaktu dia berkeringat bagaikan "titik-titik darah yang bertetesan ke tanah", ketika Yesus sangat ketakutan di Getsemani. Para ahli kesehatan juga membenarkan fenomena ini. Itu semua adalah tanda bahwa Yesus masih hidup !!.

Adapun maksud Pilatus memberikan air cuka kepada Yesus,agar Yesus nanti terlihat seakan akan sudah mati.Cuka seringkali dipakai untuk menyadarkan orang yang pingsan, karena bersifat menyadarkan. Sebaliknya Yesus saat mendapat minuman malah 'meninggal'. Padahal minuman yang diberikan padanya memiliki efek seperti minuman Soma minuman dari India, semacam minuman yang bersifat menenangkan. Kadang dipakai di ritual tua. Juga dalam dosis tertentu bisa membuat seseorang seolah sudah mati (ingat kisah Romeo Juliet, minuman yang diminum Juliet?)

Jikalau Anda mengatakan bahwa orang yang disalib seperti Yesus 97% pasti akan mati, bagaimana dengan orang-orang masa kini yang mencoba mengikuti gaya penyaliban Yesus bahkan diantaranya ada yang lebih berat dari kasus Yesus, namun ternyata masih tetap hidup ??.Sebagaimana terbukti yang pernah dilakukan oleh Mr. Pieter Van der Bergh, seorang pengacara dari Afsel, disalib dengan sukarela hanya untuk mencari sensasi. Dia mengatakan bahwa dia ingin membuktikan bahwa seseorang bisa menguasai tubuhnya sendiri. Dia diletakkan di kayu salib dan menjalani semua proses penyaliban. Untuk mengalahkan penyaliban di Golgotha, dia memakai sebuah paku 18 inchi yang menembus anggota tubuhnya tapi tak mengalami kematian.Inilah makna penyamaran yang dilakukan oleh ALLAAH dengan mengilhami Pilatus untuk melakukan konspirasi penyaliban.

http://politikana.com

Apa itu Micro Teaching ?

Micro teaching adalah suatu tindakan atau kegiatan latihan belajar-mengajar dalam situasi laboratoris (Sardirman, Interaksi Motivasi Belajar Mengajar).

Ciri-ciri pokok Micro Teaching :
1. Jumlah subyek belajar sedikit sekitar 5-10 orang
2. Waktu mengajar terbatas sekitar 10 menit
3. Komponen mengajar yang dikembangkan terbatas
4. Sekadar real teaching

Maksud dan tujuan micro teaching
Maksud yaitu meningkatkan performance yang menyangkut keterampilan dalam mengajar atau latihan mengelola interaksi belajar mengajar.
Tujuan adalah membekali calon guru sebelum sungguh-sungguh terjun ke sekolah tempat latihan praktek kependidikan untuk praktek mengajar (Sardiman, Interaksi Motivasi Belajar Mengajar ).

Perbedaan micro teaching dan teaching

Micro teaching :
1. Dilaksanakan dalam kelas laboratorium
2. Sekadar real teaching
3. Siswa 5 s/d 10 orang
4. Waktu sekitar 10 menit
5. Bahan terbatas
6. Ketrampilan yang dilatihkan meliputi semua teaching skill dalam porsi yang terbatas dan terpisah-pisah.
7. Dibutuhkan alat-alat laboratori agar dapat diperoleh suatu feedback yang obyektif.

Teaching :
1. Dilaksanakan dalam real class room
2. Merupakan real class room teaching
3. Siswa 30 s/d 40 orang
4. Waktu sekitar 45 menit
5. Bahan luas
6. Ketrampilan yang di demonstrasikan semua teaching skill dan terintegrasi
7. TIdak dilengkapi dengan alat-alat laboratori.

http://weblog-pendidikan.blogspot.com

Enuresis

What is enuresis?

Enuresis (say "en-yur-ee-sis") is the medical term for bed-wetting during sleep. Bed-wetting is fairly common among children and is often just a stage in their development. Bed-wetting is more common among boys than girls.

What causes bed-wetting?

A number of things can cause bed-wetting. Some of the more common causes of bed-wetting include the following:

• Genetic factors (it tends to run in families)
• Difficulties waking up from sleep
• Stress
• Slower than normal development of the central nervous system (which reduces the child's ability to stop the bladder from emptying at night)
• Hormonal factors (not enough antidiuretic hormone is produced, which is the hormone that slows urine production at night)
• Urinary tract infections
• Abnormalities in the urethral valves in boys or in the ureter in girls or boys
• Abnormalities in the spinal cord
• A small bladder

Bed-wetting is not a mental or behavior problem. It doesn't happen because the child is too lazy to get out of bed to go to the bathroom.

When do most children achieve bladder control?

Children achieve bladder control at different ages. By the age of 6 years, most children no longer urinate in their sleep. Bed-wetting up to 6 years of age is not unusual, even though it may be frustrating to parents. If a child is younger than 6 years of age, treatment for bed-wetting usually is not necessary.

How can my family doctor help?

Although most children who wet the bed are healthy, your doctor can help you determine whether your child’s bed-wetting is caused by a medical problem. First, your doctor will ask questions about your child's daytime and nighttime bathroom habits. Then your doctor will do a physical exam and probably a urine test (called a urinalysis) to check for infection or diabetes.
Your doctor may also ask about how things are going at home and at school for your child. Although you may be worried about your child's bed-wetting, studies have shown that children who wet the bed are not more likely to be emotionally upset than other children. Your doctor will also ask about your family life, because treatment may depend on changes at home.

What are the treatments for bed-wetting?

Most children outgrow bed-wetting without treatment. However, you and your doctor may decide your child needs treatment. There are 2 kinds of treatment: behavior therapy and medicine. Behavior therapy helps teach your child not to wet the bed. Some behavioral treatments include the following:

• Limit fluids before bedtime.
• Have your child go to the bathroom at the beginning of the bedtime routine and then again right before going to sleep.
• Use an alarm system that rings when the bed gets wet and teaches the child to respond to bladder sensations at night.
• Create a reward system for dry nights.
• Ask your child to change the bed sheets when he or she wets.
• Bladder training: have your child practice holding his or her urine for longer and longer times during the day, in effort to stretch the bladder so it can hold more urine.

What kinds of medicines are used to treat bed-wetting?

Your doctor may give your child medicine if your child is 7 years of age or older and if behavior therapy has not worked. But medicines aren't a cure for bed-wetting. One kind of medicine helps the bladder hold more urine, and the other kind helps the kidneys make less urine. These medicines may have side effects, such as dry mouth and flushing of the cheeks.

How can I help my child cope with wetting the bed?

Bed-wetting can lead to behavior problems because a child may feel guilt and embarrassment. It's true that your child should take responsibility for bed-wetting (this could mean having your child help with the laundry). But your child shouldn't be made to feel guilty. It's important for your child to know that bed-wetting isn't his or her "fault." Punishing your child for wetting the bed will not solve the problem.
It may help your child to know that no one knows the exact cause of bed-wetting. Explain that it tends to run in families (for example, if you wet the bed as a child, you should share that information with your child).
Remind your child that it's okay to use the bathroom during the night. Place nightlights leading to the bathroom so your child can easily find his or her way. You may also cover your child's mattress with a plastic cover to make cleanup easier. If accidents occur, praise your child for trying and for helping clean up.

Source

Primary Nocturnal Enuresis: Current Concepts by M Cendron, M.D. (American Family Physician March 01, 1999, http://www.aafp.org/afp/990301ap/1205.html)

Written by familydoctor.org editorial staff

Reviewed/Updated: 07/10
Created: 03/99

http://familydoctor.org